1, No. If the weakness of the Aragonese Naval Empire was combined with the resentment of the higher nobility against the monarchs, the dynastic claims of Portugal on Castile and the two monarch's exterior politic that turned away from Morocco and other African nations in favor of Europe, the fear of a second Muslim invasion, and thus a second Muslim occupation was hardly unfounded. As their policy of royal marriages proved, the Catholic Monarchs were deeply concerned about France's growing power and expected to create strong dynastic alliances across Europe. Harvard University Press, 1976, pp. Vidal Astori was the royal silversmith for Ferdinand II of Aragon and conducted business in his name. However, the Reconquista did not result in the total expulsion of Muslims from Spain, since they, along with Jews, were tolerated by the ruling Christian elite. The first book in Les Daniels' "Don Sebastian Vampire Chronicles", The Black Castle (1978), is set in 15th-century Spain and includes both descriptions of Inquisitorial questioning and an auto-da-fé, as well as Tomás de Torquemada, who is featured in one chapter. Spanish Inquisition . The auto-da-fé eventually became a baroque spectacle, with staging meticulously calculated to cause the greatest effect among the spectators. It occupies the palazzo built for the Inquisition in the middle of the 16th century. Ithaca, 1999, Thomas Madden: The Real Inquisition. What turning point of Spanish history took place in the 8th century? In 1813, the liberal deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz also obtained its abolition,[141] largely as a result of the Holy Office's condemnation of the popular revolt against French invasion. However, it was impossible to change the entire laws of both realms by force alone, and due to reasonable suspicion of one another the monarchs kept their kingdoms separate during their lifetimes. Torture was an integral part of the inquisitorial process, mainly to extract confessions -- just as it was part of the systems used by secular courts of the time. The Inquisition was originally intended primarily to identify heretics among those who converted from Judaism and Islam to Catholicism. The treatment of public blasphemy and street swindlers was similar (since in both cases you are "misleading the public in a harmful way). However, the cities of Aragón continued resisting, and even saw revolt, as in Teruel from 1484 to 1485. [46] This prejudice climaxed in the summer of 1391 when violent anti-Jewish riots broke out in Spanish cities like Barcelona[14] To linguistically distinguish them from non-converted or long-established Catholic families, new converts were called conversos, or New Catholics. The autos-da-fé could be private (auto particular) or public (auto publico or auto general). One case that dealt with marriage, sex, and gender was the trial of Eleno de Céspedes. As the Inquisition had the backing of both kingdoms, it would exist independent of both the nobility and local interests of either kingdom. These conflicts added up with a strong resistance to allowing the creation of an Inquisition, and the kingdom's general willingness to accept the heretics that came in seeking refuge from prosecution in France. The transcription of a new speech by the procurator stating his view of the declarations and wrapping the witnesses' testimony up from his perspective. What about the Spanish Inquisition? [95] The penalty was five to seven years as an oarsman in the case of Portugal. The rest suffered lesser punishments. The inquisitors were preferably jurists more than theologians; in 1608 Philip III even stipulated that all inquisitors needed to have a background in law. However this remedy for securing the orthodoxy of conversos was eventually deemed inadequate since the main justification the monarchy gave for formally expelling all Jews from Spain was the "great harm suffered by Christians (i.e., conversos) from the contact, intercourse and communication which they have with the Jews, who always attempt in various ways to seduce faithful Christians from our Holy Catholic Faith", according to the 1492 edict. 2, Gütersloh 1902, p. 41-42), 13 in the period 1570–1625 (W. Monter. The Moriscos can be stereotyped as poor, rural, uneducated agricultural workers who spoke Arabic. Moreover, with the coming of the Age of Enlightenment in the 18th century, increasing numbers of licenses to possess and read prohibited texts were granted. Crisis (October de 2003). Quiz. Although in theory, the Indexes imposed enormous restrictions on the diffusion of culture in Spain, some historians argue that such strict control was impossible in practice and that there was much more liberty in this respect than is often believed. [178][179], However, the context of Hispano America, that Green refers to often, was different from the Iberian context studied for many of those authors, due to the distance from the immediate executive power of the King, and deserves to be examined separately. Like in the case of Eleno de Céspedes, charges for witchcraft done in this way, or in general, were quickly dismissed but they often show in the statistics as investigations made. La Inquisición Española. Madrid: Hiperión, 1980. 2, Winter 2011, pp. The creation of the Spanish Inquisition would be consistent with the most important political philosophers of the Florentine School, with whom the kings were known to have contact (Guicciardini, Pico della Mirandola, Machiavelli, Segni, Pitti, Nardi, Varchi, etc.) This practice grew beginning with the reign of Charles III. In other cases, religious and non-religious crimes were seen as distinct but equivalent. The first of the trials against those labeled by the Inquisition as "Lutheran" were those against the sect of mystics known as the "Alumbrados" of Guadalajara and Valladolid. [25], According to this view, the prosecution of heretics would be secondary, or simply not considered different, from the prosecution of conspirators, traitors, or groups of any kind who planned to resist royal authority. According to Gedaliah Ibn Yechia, these disturbances were caused by a malicious report spread about the Jews. It persists for generation after generation. Skill level . With this, the Inquisition became the only institution that held authority across all the realms of the Spanish monarchy and, in all of them, a useful mechanism at the service of the crown. Machiavelli. This was further fueled by the religious intolerance of Archbishop Ribera who quoted the Old Testament texts ordering the enemies of God to be slain without mercy and setting forth the duties of kings to extirpate them. The science of psychology discussion January 20, 2021. [102] In the Americas, tribunals were established in Lima and in Mexico City (1569) and, in 1610, in Cartagena de Indias (present day Colombia). janelle_wilson_08301. The two forms of obvious male sterility were either due to damage to the genitals through castration, or accidental wounding at war (capón), or to some genetic condition that might keep the man from completing puberty (lampiño). The alguacil was the executive arm of the court, responsible for detaining, jailing, and physically torturing the defendant. Since the Inquisition itself was an arm of the state, being within the Council of Castile, civil rather than ecclesiastical censorship usually prevailed. [187], Historian Thomas F. Madden has written about popular myths of the Inquisition.[188]. During the auto-da-fé that took place in Logroño on 7 and 8 November 1610, six people were burned and another five burned in effigy. New York, 2009. Play this game to review World History. One remarkable case was that of Logroño, in which the witches of Zugarramurdi in Navarre were persecuted. The answers given by each witness follow, with each witness presented as in the previous section. As the world became smaller and foreign relations became more relevant to stay in power this foreign image of "being the seed of Jews and Moors" may have become a problem. [68][69] The humanist Juan de Valdés,[70] fled to Italy to escape anti-Erasmian factions that came to power in the court,[71] and the preacher, Juan de Ávila spent close to a year in prison after he was questioned about his prayer practices. The statistics of Henningsen and Contreras are based entirely on relaciones de causas. [58] Still, the Moriscos did not experience the same harshness as judaizing conversos and Protestants, and the number of capital punishments was proportionally less.[59]. It existed for a very long time -- it wasn't abolished until 1966. [32], The hierarchy of the Catholic Church had made many attempts during the Middle Ages to take over Christian Spain politically, such as claiming the Church's ownership over all land reconquered from non-Christians (a claim that was rejected by Castille but accepted by Aragon and Portugal). For example, "sodomy" included paedophilia as a subtype. Despite popular belief, the role of the Inquisition as a mainly religious institution, or religious in nature at all, is contested at best. It was intended to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control. Autos-da-fé also took place in Mexico, Brazil and Peru: contemporary historians of the Conquistadors such as Bernal Díaz del Castillo record them. The pope issued a bull to stop the Inquisition but was pressured into withdrawing it. The line comes from a series of sketches by British comedy troupe Monty Py­thon. This attitude was also not new. Often part of the data given for prosecution of male homosexuality corresponds to convictions for paedophilia, not adult homosexuality. Among the non-Spanish authors prohibited were Ovid, Dante, Rabelais, Ariosto, Machiavelli, Erasmus, Jean Bodin, Valentine Naibod and Thomas More (known in Spain as Tomás Moro). Many of the crimes listed here and some of the religious crimes listed in previous sections were contemplated under the same article. Based on Roman Law, the inquisitorial system differed from other court systems as the courts themselves tried the accused. [48], The Alhambra Decree, issued in January 1492, gave the choice between expulsion and conversion. In 1524 a treasurer informed Charles V that his predecessor had received ten million ducats from the conversos, but the figure is unverified. One of the most important works about the inquisition's relation to the Jewish conversos or New Christians is The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain (1995/2002) by Benzion Netanyahu. [74] The autos-da-fé of the mid-century virtually put an end to Spanish Protestantism, which was, throughout, a small phenomenon to begin with.[75]. Published by admin at January 20, 2021. [181] Kamen went on to publish two more books in 1985 and 2006 that incorporated new findings, further supporting the view that the Inquisition was not as bad as once described by Lea and others. [citation needed], The Alhambra Decree that had expelled the Jews was formally rescinded on 16 December 1968. A mill worker ( Graham Chapman ) enters the room and tells a woman sitting on a couch knitting ( Carol Cleveland ) in a thick accent that "one of the cross beams has gone out askew on the treadle ". The response from the tribunal, paraphrased, which could be to dictate the sentence, but often was to require either further clarification from the witness (restarting the procedure from the second step) or call for another type of proof (restarting the procedure from the sixth step). Although initially the public autos did not have any special solemnity nor sought a large attendance of spectators, with time they became solemn ceremonies, celebrated with large public crowds, amidst a festive atmosphere. 27 of them, in fact! Translations of the Bible to Castillian and Provenzal (Catalan) had been made and allowed in Spain since the Middle Ages. "The Salazar Documents: Inquisitor Alonso de Salazar Frías and Others on the Basque Witch Persecution. Carrillo actively opposed them both and often used Spain's "mixed blood" as an excuse to intervene. According to Barrios, the daughter of Diego Celemin was exceptionally beautiful, her parents and her husband did not want to give her to [Lucero], and so Lucero had the three of them burnt and now has a child by her, and he has kept for a long time in the alcazar as a mistress.[176]. Different sources give different estimates of the number of trials and executions in this period; some estimate about 2,000 executions, based on the documentation of the autos-da-fé, the great majority being conversos of Jewish origin. Non-Catholics were subject to discriminatory legislation regarding taxation and some other specific discriminatory legislation-such as a prohibition on wearing silk or "flashy clothes" [7]- that varied from county to county, but were otherwise left alone. A number of autos-da-fé were held, some of them presided over by members of the royal family, and around 100 executions took place. The autos were conducted in a large public space (frequently in the largest plaza of the city), generally on holidays. It was applied mainly against those suspected of Judaizing and Protestantism beginning in the 16th century, in other words, "enemies of the state", since said crimes were usually thought to be associated with a larger organized network of either espionage or conspiracy with foreign powers. Finally, on 15 July 1834, the Spanish Inquisition was definitively abolished by a Royal Decree signed by regent Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand VII's liberal widow, during the minority of Isabella II and with the approval of the President of the Cabinet Francisco Martínez de la Rosa. Valladolid: Maxtor, 2015, W.S. pp. He offers striking statistics: 91.6% of those judged in Valencia between 1484 and 1530 and 99.3% of those judged in Barcelona between 1484 and 1505 were of Jewish origin.