Charlotte’s future was decided in 1760, when the 22-year-old George III succeeded his grandfather on the English throne. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. However, many of Britain's American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence. Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. List Queen Anne had ruled the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland since 8 March 1702. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda (Anglo-Saxon, … EGBERT 827 – 839Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. Neither lady was ever received at court. 1760 (25th October) King George II died and George succeeded as King George III. The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride: she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession. Though mindful of the restraints […] [8] As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics. [98] Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public, Pitt threatened to resign. 329–335; Brooke, pp. [f] The central issue for the colonists was not the amount of taxes but whether Parliament could levy a tax without American approval, for there were no American seats in Parliament. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. [35] In 1763, after concluding the Peace of Paris which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under George Grenville to return to power. George's review of 27,000 volunteers in Hyde Park, London, on 26 and 28 October 1803 and at the height of the invasion scare, attracted an estimated 500,000 spectators on each day. 92–93, 267–273, 302–305, 317. He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was further dismayed when the government introduced the India Bill, which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the East India Company to Parliamentary commissioners. [61] In early 1778, France (Britain's chief rival) signed a treaty of alliance with the United States and the conflict escalated. [71] During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain. Hamilton discusses the theme of legacies quite a bit, and George III left a significant one. On 17 December 1783, Parliament voted in favour of a motion condemning the influence of the monarch in parliamentary voting as a "high crime" and Temple was forced to resign. [45], George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer,[46] but his piety was not shared by his brothers. [41] After a brief illness, which may have presaged his illnesses to come, George settled on Lord Rockingham to form a ministry, and dismissed Grenville. [107], In 1804, George's recurrent illness returned; after his recovery, Addington resigned and Pitt regained power. [10][11], In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at St James's Palace, but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidant, Lord Bute, who would later serve as Prime Minister. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Alternative successions of the English crown, List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign, List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death, "British Royal Family History – Kings and Queens", "English Monarchs – A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_British_monarchs&oldid=1008743548, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 21:00. The detailed evidence of the years from 1763 to 1775 tends to exonerate George III from any real responsibility for the American Revolution. [54], George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers. [95] The Second Coalition, which included Austria, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, was defeated in 1800. (Hibbert, George III, p. 409). His son reigned as King of England for ten years before his death and was succeeded by George III's granddaughter. Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George has been nicknamed Farmer George [8][60] With the setbacks in America, Prime Minister Lord North asked to transfer power to Lord Chatham, whom he thought more capable, but George refused to do so; he suggested instead that Chatham serve as a subordinate minister in North's administration, but Chatham refused to co-operate. "I am born for the happiness or misery of a great nation," he wrote, "and consequently must often act contrary to my passions. This page was last edited on 7 March 2021, at 22:47. 111–113, Brooke, pp. Lord Grenville perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry. The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers, but it was unpopular with a vocal minority and ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government. Hecht, J. Jean (1966). [131], Before his succession, George was granted the royal arms differenced by a label of five points Azure, the centre point bearing a fleur-de-lis Or on 27 July 1749. After his father's early death (1751), young George was educated for his future role as king by his domineering mother, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and by John Stuart, earl of ButeBute, John Stuart,3d earl of , 1713–92, British politician. King George V changed the name of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor on 17 July 1917. When he ascended the throne, Great Britain had been at war with France for a number of years. In 1770, his brother Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, was exposed as an adulterer, and the following year Cumberland married a young widow, Anne Horton. George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve",[122] but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised. In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, Princess Amelia. [62] Opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the Gordon riots. [74] Nevertheless, he set his children a strict regimen. George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity and to portray him as a man of the people. Parliament was dissolved, and the subsequent election gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, were educated together by private tutors. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax. The Princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day ... were melancholy beyond description." [124] The grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence were presented as "repeated injuries and usurpations" that he had committed to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. George seemed unperturbed by the incident, so much so that he fell asleep in the interval.[94]. [73] He was fond of his children, and was devastated at the death of two of his sons in infancy in 1782 and 1783 respectively. George IV was 48 when he became Regent in 1811, as a result of the illness of his father, George III. [80] The King may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765, but a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. He succeeded to the throne at the age of 22 and earnestly set himself to cle… In late 1810, at the height of his popularity, already virtually blind with cataracts and in pain from rheumatism, George III became dangerously ill. In 1765, Grenville introduced the Stamp Act, which levied a stamp duty on every document in the British colonies in North America. Unlike his two predecessors, George III was born in Britain, and used English as his first language. The bill was rejected by the Lords; three days later, the Portland ministry was dismissed, and William Pitt the Younger was appointed Prime Minister, with Temple as his Secretary of State. For two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. His mother and advisors were eager to have him settled in marriage. George III was born on 4 June 1738 in London, son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. 106–111, Ayling, pp. Succeeded by: his grandson George III. [81] His doctors were largely at a loss to explain his illness, and spurious stories about his condition spread, such as the claim that he shook hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the King of Prussia. [126] Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as Butterfield and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter,[127] are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. [129] In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III the monarchy continued to lose its political power, and grew as the embodiment of national morality. 281–282; Hibbert, pp. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox–North Coalition. [84] In February 1789, the Regency Bill, authorising the Prince of Wales to act as regent, was introduced and passed in the House of Commons, but before the House of Lords could pass the bill, George III recovered. 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In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, Princess Amelia. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power", while the other "derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition". George III succeeded his grandfather, George II, to the throne of Great Britain on October 25, 1760. It was succeeded by the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, which was renamed the house of Windsor in 1917. Now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. 453–455; Brooke, pp. George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. He then continued as duke until the Congress of Vienna declared him "King of Hanover" in 1814. [48] In 1773, the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor were boarded by colonists and the tea was thrown overboard, an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. George surrendered the Crown Estate to Parliamentary control in return for a civil list annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government. Subscribe Now. [9], King George II disliked the Prince of Wales and took little interest in his grandchildren. With the Empire deeply in debt at the end of the Seven Years' War, Grenville looked to the American colonies as a … [8], For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory. In 1763, George Grenville succeeded Bute as King George’s prime minister. King George III reigned for 59 years, overseeing England through the upheaval of war, widespread social change and the industrial revolution. His favourite son, Frederick, Duke of York, was with him. Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815, (1) Married 1793, in contravention of the. One month later, he was publicly baptised at Norfolk House, again by Secker. [136][137], Following the Acts of Union 1800, the royal arms were amended, dropping the French quartering. [72] The British people admired him for his piety, and for remaining faithful to his wife. George III died at Windsor Castle on 29 January 1820, after a reign of almost 60 years - the third longest in British history, and was succeeded by his son George IV. Smith, Robert A. [12] George's mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values. [89], According to the website Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, run by researchers at Emory University, in George III's reign 1.6 million slaves were transported out of Africa to British colonial possessions. "[67], With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time but died within months. He was succeeded by his grandson, George III, as his son, Frederick, had died in 1751. He told Adams, "I was the last to consent to the separation; but the separation having been made and having become inevitable, I have always said, as I say now, that I would be the first to meet the friendship of the United States as an independent power. He was re-elected and expelled twice more, before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared the runner-up as the victor. Pitt, fearing he would be removed from office if the Prince of Wales were empowered, argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a regent, and wanted to restrict the regent's authority. [6] He was the first British monarch to study science systematically. [87] The King was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. He was succeeded by his grandson George III. "Reinterpreting the Reign of George III". House of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who was crowned George I in 1714. Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was assassinated in 1812 and was replaced by Lord Liverpool. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors, he was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,[1] and never visited Hanover.[2]. [4] In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the Treaty of Amiens. [3], George was born in London at Norfolk House in St James's Square. [28] Debts amounting to over £3 million over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was increased from time to time. [21], George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain. The search for a suitable wife intensified. In: Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. 1783 (12th August) George reached the age of 21 and was granted an allowance from the Civil List and another allowance from his father. To the sound of muffled drums, trumpets, minute-guns and the tolling of the death-bell, the mourners passed through the south door of the Chapel as the choir sang the anthem 'I Know that my Redeemer Liveth.' Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard A. The Georgian era (1714-1830) spanned the combined reigns of the five British monarchs from the Electorate of Hanover, a member state of the Holy Roman Empire. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. [97] It was suggested that George adopt the title "Emperor of the British Isles", but he refused. [5], Prince George grew into a healthy, reserved and shy child. [78][79] A study of samples of the King's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of arsenic, a possible trigger for the disease. Throughout his life George II maintained a passion for anything military. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. After Fox's death in September 1806, the King and ministry were in open conflict. [1] On his accession, the Crown lands produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. Upon his father's death, and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir-apparent, he inherited his difference of a plain label of three points Argent. They were expected to attend rigorous lessons from seven in the morning, and to lead lives of religious observance and virtue. [69] Although the King actually favoured greater control over the company, the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox. [83], In the reconvened Parliament, Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King's incapacity. This Third Coalition, however, met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions, collapsing in 1805. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of Lewis Namier, who thought George was "much maligned", started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign. [8], The King disliked Fox intensely, for his politics as well as his character; he thought Fox was unprincipled and a bad influence on the Prince of Wales. [75] When his children strayed from George's own principles of righteousness, as his sons did as young adults, he was dismayed and disappointed. At the end of the parliamentary session, he went to Cheltenham Spa to recuperate. George II reigned until 1760 but took little interest in politics during the last decade of his life. He married Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1705 an attractive and intelligent woman, and they had 9 children. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]". In 1795 he officially married Princess Caroline of Brunswick, but the marriage was a failure and he tried unsuccessfully to divorce her after his . She became monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland on 1 May 1707.Her total reign lasted for 12 years and 146 days. England and Scotland had been in personal union since 24 March 1603. He was succeeded by George II, George III, George IV, William IV, and Victoria. 272–282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498, Ayling, pp. [101], George did not consider the peace with France as real; in his view it was an "experiment". George remarkably never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck. [111] The Princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day ... were melancholy beyond description. 36–37; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31, Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the Royal Marriages Act 1772. In 1762, George purchased Buckingham House (on the site now occupied by Buckingham Palace) for use as a family retreat. (1984). [1][8] They had 15 children—nine sons and six daughters. When King George III succeeded to the throne of Great Britain upon the death of his grandfather, George II, he was 22 years old and unmarried. [44] Grafton's government disintegrated in 1770, allowing the Tories led by Lord North to return to power. [19] His other residences were Kew Palace and Windsor Castle. Watson, p. 88; this view is also shared by Brooke (see for example p. 99). For a family tree that shows George I's relationship to Anne, see George I of Great Britain § Family tree. He did not travel extensively and spent his entire life in southern England. George III was king of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1811. 334–343; Brooke, p. 332; Fraser, p. 282, Ayling, pp. "[128] In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives. [31] Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are Johannes Vermeer's Lady at the Virginals and a set of Canalettos, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered. [76], By this time George's health was deteriorating. [8], In Great Britain, George III used the official style "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth". Armed conflict between British regulars and colonial militiamen broke out at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a small northern German duchy in the Holy Roman Empire, and Charlotte was born and brought up at Untere Schloss (Lower Castle) in Mirow. Bute's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King's mother, and by exploiting anti-Scottish prejudices amongst the English. France declared war on Great Britain in 1793; in the war attempt, George allowed Pitt to increase taxes, raise armies, and suspend the right of habeas corpus. His only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte, predeceased him in 1817; on his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother, King William IV. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established. George III became heir to the throne on the death of his father in 1751, succeeding his grandfather, … That year, John Wilkes returned to England, stood as a candidate in the general election, and came top of the poll in the Middlesex constituency. 349–350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. [29] He aided the Royal Academy of Arts with large grants from his private funds,[30] and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity. [115] At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. He had the King's Observatory built in Richmond-upon-Thames for his own observations of the 1769 transit of Venus. George III succeeded to the throne on his grandfather's death, two weeks before his 77th birthday, in 1760. Shortly afterwards, another of George's brothers, Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, revealed he had been secretly married to Maria, Countess Waldegrave, the illegitimate daughter of Sir Edward Walpole. "[112] He accepted the need for the Regency Act 1811,[113] and the Prince of Wales acted as Regent for the remainder of George III's life. The gilded equestrian statue of George III in New York was pulled down. The French Revolution of 1789, in which the French monarchy had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. [39] The Americans protested that like all Englishmen they had rights to "no taxation without representation". [43] Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, took over the government, although he did not formally become Prime Minister until 1768. Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year George had become permanently insane and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death.[114]. George III . [82] Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards, and the King's doctors, who included Francis Willis, treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm, or applying caustic poultices to draw out "evil humours". After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth. George was buried at Westminster beside his much loved wife, Caroline of Anspach. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, in England bred. Only Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II lived and reigned longer. In: Richard Schlatter, ed. [90], After George's recovery, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales. [102] In 1803, the war resumed but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war, and instead favoured Pitt. It proved that he was able to appoint Prime Ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. In the 1790s, the King and his family took holidays at Weymouth, Dorset,[20] which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England. "[104] A courtier wrote on 13 November that, "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning. George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738[c] – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820. Brooke, p. 145; Carretta, pp. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal".
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