[120][121], —Statement released by MK to announce the start of their sabotage campaign[122], Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. [232] Mandela devoted much time to fundraising for the ANC, touring North America, Europe and Asia to meet wealthy donors, including former supporters of the apartheid regime. [204][205] Staying at Tutu's home, in the following days Mandela met with friends, activists, and press, giving a speech to an estimated 100,000 people at Johannesburg's FNB Stadium. [218] CODESA 2 was held in May 1992, at which de Klerk insisted that post-apartheid South Africa must use a federal system with a rotating presidency to ensure the protection of ethnic minorities; Mandela opposed this, demanding a unitary system governed by majority rule. Graca Machel, the widow of Samora Machel, the former Mozambican president and leader of Frelimo. apartheid system of racial segregation and ushered in a peaceful transition to majority rule. [137], —Mandela's Rivonia Trial Speech, 1964[138][139], On 11 July 1963, police raided Liliesleaf Farm, arresting those they found there and uncovering paperwork documenting MK's activities, some of which mentioned Mandela. [147] Verbally and physically harassed by several white prison wardens, the Rivonia Trial prisoners spent their days breaking rocks into gravel, until being reassigned in January 1965 to work in a lime quarry. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela Mvezo, 18 juli 1918 Johannesburg, 5 december 2013 was een Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. [261] Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that "courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace. 1990); In His Own Words (2003); and Long Walk to Freedom (1994), which chronicles his early life and years in prison. His negotiations in the early 1990s with South African Pres. [267] Mandela praised the commission's work, stating that it "had helped us move away from the past to concentrate on the present and the future". [290] He extended diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC), who were growing as an economic force, and initially also to Taiwan, who were already longstanding investors in the South African economy. [213] At the conference, he was elected ANC President, replacing the ailing Tambo, and a 50-strong multiracial, mixed gendered national executive was elected. [319] Meanwhile, Mandela was successfully treated for prostate cancer in July 2001. He agreed to do so on the conditions that all political prisoners be released, that Zulu traditional weapons be banned, and that Zulu hostels would be fenced off, the latter two measures intended to prevent further Inkatha attacks; de Klerk reluctantly agreed. They had first met in July 1990 when she was still in mourning, but their friendship grew into a partnership, with Machel accompanying him on many of his foreign visits. was developed by journalist Percy Qoboza, sparking an international campaign that led the UN Security Council to call for his release. Shortly after his release, Mandela was chosen deputy president of the ANC; he became president of the party in July 1991. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In 1962 he went to Algeria for training in guerrilla warfare and sabotage, returning to South Africa later that year. To prevent the creation of martyrs, the commission granted individual amnesties in exchange for testimony of crimes committed during the apartheid era. In 2005, he founded the Nelson Mandela Legacy Trust,[332] travelling to the US to speak before the Brookings Institution and the NAACP on the need for economic assistance to Africa. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. What was Nelson Mandela's childhood like? [387] Mandela was influenced by Marxism, and during the revolution he advocated scientific socialism. [69], Mandela took Xuma's place on the ANC national executive in March 1950,[71] and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL. "[369], The historian Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni described Mandela as a "liberal African nationalist–decolonial humanist",[370] while political analyst Raymond Suttner cautioned against labelling Mandela a liberal and stated that Mandela displayed a "hybrid socio-political make-up". [374] Over the course of his life, he began by advocating a path of non-violence, later embracing violence, and then adopting a non-violent approach to negotiation and reconciliation. [140] Judge Quartus de Wet soon threw out the prosecution's case for insufficient evidence, but Yutar reformulated the charges, presenting his new case from December 1963 until February 1964, calling 173 witnesses and bringing thousands of documents and photographs to the trial. Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups. 4.Hoe oud is hij geworden 1.inhoud 2.Wie is Nelson Mandela? He visited Japan, but not the Soviet Union, a longtime ANC supporter. 1986); No Easy Walk to Freedom (1965; updated ed. [375] When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. [272], Under Mandela's presidency, welfare spending increased by 13% in 1996/97, 13% in 1997/98, and 7% in 1998/99. There was 33% unemployment, and just under half of the population lived below the poverty line. [84], In July 1952, Mandela was arrested under the Suppression of Communism Act and stood trial as one of the 21 accused—among them Moroka, Sisulu, and Yusuf Dadoo—in Johannesburg. Marks from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor. Our problems, while distinctive and special, were not unique, and a philosophy that placed those problems in an international and historical context of the greater world and the course of history was valuable. On 13 April 1992, Mandela publicly announced his separation from Winnie. [247] He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like Harry Oppenheimer of Anglo-American. [310] During a 1997 visit to London, he said that "the ruler of South Africa, the de facto ruler, is Thabo Mbeki" and that he was "shifting everything to him". Mandela was also the first black President of his country, South Africa. [326] In 2003, he spoke out against the plans for the United States to launch a war in Iraq, describing it as "a tragedy" and lambasting US President George W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Tony Blair (whom he referred to as an "American foreign minister") for undermining the UN, saying, "All that (Mr. Bush) wants is Iraqi oil". [235] As leaders of the two major parties, de Klerk and Mandela appeared on a televised debate; although de Klerk was widely considered the better speaker at the event, Mandela's offer to shake his hand surprised him, leading some commentators to deem it a victory for Mandela. [63] Mandela disagreed with Mda's approach, and in December 1947 supported an unsuccessful measure to expel communists from the ANCYL, considering their ideology un-African. Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993, along with South Africa’s president at the time, F.W. 6.Wat heeft hij allemaal bereikt? [435] His first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944;[436] they divorced in March 1958 under the multiple strains of his adultery and constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact that she was a Jehovah's Witness, a religion requiring political neutrality. [376] He sought to target symbols of white supremacy and racist oppression rather than white people as individuals, and was anxious not to inaugurate a race war in South Africa. [287] Following the South African example, Mandela encouraged other nations to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and reconciliation. [314] Although the 1996 constitution allowed the president to serve two consecutive five-year terms, Mandela had never planned to stand for a second term in office. [430] He was heterosexual,[431] and biographer Fatima Meer said that he was "easily tempted" by women. [187] The violence escalated as the government used the army and police to combat the resistance, and provided covert support for vigilante groups and the Zulu nationalist movement Inkatha, which was involved in an increasingly violent struggle with the ANC. On one side he adhered to ideas about collective leadership, although on the other believed that there were scenarios in which a leader had to be decisive and act without consultation to achieve a particular objective. After his father’s death, young Nelson was raised by Jongintaba, the regent of the Tembu. [313] The following day, he held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. [206], Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium. [8], Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela (1880–1928), was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. Mandela was initially forbidden to wear sunglasses, and the glare from the lime permanently damaged his eyesight. [61] In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust. First, he has provided through his personal presence as a benign and honest conviction politician, skilled at exerting power but not obsessed with it to the point of view of excluding principles, a man who struggled to display respect to all ... Second, in so doing he was able to be a hero and a symbol to an array of otherwise unlikely mates through his ability, like all brilliant nationalist politicians, to speak to very different audiences effectively at once. [258] The other cabinet positions were taken by ANC members, many of whom—like Joe Modise, Alfred Nzo, Joe Slovo, Mac Maharaj and Dullah Omar—had long been comrades of Mandela, although others, such as Tito Mboweni and Jeff Radebe, were far younger. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African politician and activist. [404] In doing so, Lodge argued that Mandela became "one of the first media politicians ... embodying a glamour and a style that projected visually a brave new African world of modernity and freedom". Why this particular name I have no idea. [55] Despite his friendships with non-blacks and communists, Mandela embraced Lembede's views, believing that black Africans should be entirely independent in their struggle for political self-determination. [123] Soon after ANC leader Luthuli was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, MK publicly announced its existence with 57 bombings on Dingane's Day (16 December) 1961, followed by further attacks on New Year's Eve. Disliked by the authorities, the firm was forced to relocate to a remote location after their office permit was removed under the Group Areas Act; as a result, their clientele dwindled. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which investigated human rights violations under apartheid, and he introduced housing, education, and economic development initiatives designed to improve the living standards of the country’s Black population. [249] Although dismantling press censorship, speaking out in favour of freedom of the press, and befriending many journalists, Mandela was critical of much of the country's media, noting that it was overwhelmingly owned and run by middle-class whites and believing that it focused too heavily on scaremongering about crime. Dedicated in February 1996, it held two years of hearings detailing rapes, torture, bombings, and assassinations, before issuing its final report in October 1998. [388] He denied being a communist at the Treason Trial,[389] and maintained this stance both when later talking to journalists,[390] and in his autobiography. [90] Although a second daughter, Makaziwe Phumia, was born in May 1954, Mandela's relationship with Evelyn became strained, and she accused him of adultery. [295] When Western governments and media criticised these visits, Mandela lambasted such criticism as having racist undertones,[296] and stated that "the enemies of countries in the West are not our enemies. When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation. He hoped that Ramaphosa would succeed him, believing Mbeki to be too inflexible and intolerant of criticism, but the ANC elected Mbeki regardless. [358][359] Approximately 90 representatives of foreign states travelled to South Africa to attend memorial events. Mandela and Justice arrived a day late for the funeral. Though some encouraged him to divorce her, he decided to remain loyal until she was found guilty by trial. [450], Mandela's international fame had emerged during his incarceration in the 1980s, when he became the world's most famous prisoner, a symbol of the anti-apartheid cause, and an icon for millions who embraced the ideal of human equality. He escaped from an arranged marriage he wanted no part of when he was a student. [373], His political development was strongly influenced by his legal training and practice, in particular his hope to achieve change not through violence but through "legal revolution". [21] He developed a love of African history, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of a visiting chief, Joyi. [448] Boehmer described him as "a totem of the totemic values of our age: toleration and liberal democracy"[449] and "a universal symbol of social justice". [214] Their marriage was increasingly strained as he learned of her affair with Dali Mpofu, but he supported her during her trial for kidnapping and assault. [306] Inkatha remained part of the coalition,[307] and when both Mandela and Mbeki were out of the country in September 1998, Buthelezi was appointed "Acting President", marking an improvement in his relationship with Mandela. [26] He completed his Junior Certificate in two years,[27] and in 1937 moved to Healdtown, the Methodist college in Fort Beaufort attended by most Thembu royalty, including Justice. He had six children, four girls and two boys. Nelson Mandela’s writings included I Am Prepared to Die (1964; rev. [464] According to Barnard, "there is also a sense in which his chiefly bearing and mode of conduct, the very respect and authority he accrued in representing his nation in his own person, went against the spirit of democracy",[459] and concerns were similarly expressed that he placed his own status and celebrity above the transformation of his country. [48] In late 1941, Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the winter of 1942. A replica of the Robben Island cell in which Nelson Mandela was imprisoned, at the Nelson Mandela Museum, Qunu, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. The event was attended by four thousand guests, including world leaders from a wide range of geographic and ideological backgrounds. [72] In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian, and communist activists to call a May Day general strike in protest against apartheid and white minority rule. Although criticised by socialist ANC members, he had been encouraged to embrace private enterprise by members of the Chinese and Vietnamese Communist parties at the January 1992 World Economic Forum in Switzerland. [315] Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of Houghton. [260], Mandela personally met with senior figures of the apartheid regime, including Hendrik Verwoerd's widow, Betsie Schoombie, and lawyer Percy Yutar, also laying a wreath by the statue of Afrikaner hero Daniel Theron. Mandela was more at ease with Mbeki's successor, Zuma,[338] although the Nelson Mandela Foundation was upset when his grandson, Mandla Mandela, flew him out to the Eastern Cape to attend a pro-Zuma rally in the midst of a storm in 2009. [133][134] Jailed in Johannesburg's Marshall Square prison, Mandela was charged with inciting workers' strikes and leaving the country without permission. [54] In 1943, Mandela met Anton Lembede, an ANC member affiliated with the "Africanist" branch of African nationalism, which was virulently opposed to a racially united front against colonialism and imperialism or to an alliance with the communists. , in full Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, byname Madiba, (born July 18, 1918, Mvezo, South Africa—died December 5, 2013, Johannesburg), Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994–99). He later stated that he did not join the party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as class warfare. One of the PAC-organised demonstrations was fired upon by police, resulting in the deaths of 69 protesters in the Sharpeville massacre. hoeveel jaar heeft die daar vast gezeten? No one in my family had ever attended school ... On the first day of school my teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave each of us an English name. [210], In May 1990, Mandela led a multiracial ANC delegation into preliminary negotiations with a government delegation of 11 Afrikaner men. [370] He also spoke of an influential African ethical tenet, Ubuntu, which is a Ngnuni term meaning "A person is a person through other persons" or "I am because we are. He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom of giving all schoolchildren Christian names. [229], With the election set for 27 April 1994, the ANC began campaigning, opening 100 election offices and orchestrating People's Forums across the country at which Mandela could appear, as a popular figure with great status among black South Africans. [308] Although Mandela had often governed decisively in his first two years as president,[309] he had subsequently increasingly delegated duties to Mbeki, retaining only a close personal supervision of intelligence and security measures. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. [209] He met President R. Venkataraman in India, President Suharto in Indonesia, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Malaysia, and Prime Minister Bob Hawke in Australia. P.W. [337] In a speech marking the event, Mandela called for the rich to help the poor across the world. [198] Following the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, de Klerk called his cabinet together to debate legalising the ANC and freeing Mandela. [437] Mandela's second wife was the social worker Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, whom he married in June 1958. waarom zat Nelson Mandela vast? He attended South African Native College (later the University of Fort Hare) and studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand; he later passed the qualification exam to become a lawyer. There he studied English, anthropology, politics, native administration, and Roman Dutch law in his first year, desiring to become an interpreter or clerk in the Native Affairs Department. [233] He also urged a reduction in the voting age from 18 to 14; rejected by the ANC, this policy became the subject of ridicule. [230] The ANC campaigned on a Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) to build a million houses in five years, introduce universal free education and extend access to water and electricity. Representing himself with Slovo as legal advisor, Mandela intended to use the trial to showcase "the ANC's moral opposition to racism" while supporters demonstrated outside the court. - Strijd tegen apartheid - Bracht 27 jaar door in de gevangenis voor apartheid - Na vrijlating door nieuwe president nog praten over verzoening - Toonde mensen dat ze moeten vechten voor wat ze belangrijk vinden - Grote speler in de strijd tegen discriminatie Gezondheid en [488], "Mandela" redirects here. [467] He was appointed to the Order of Isabella the Catholic[473] and the Order of Canada,[474] and was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. [301] He also played a key role as a mediator in the ethnic conflict between Tutsi and Hutu political groups in the Burundian Civil War, helping to initiate a settlement which brought increased stability to the country but did not end the ethnic violence. Nelson Mandela heeft zijn hele leven gevochten tegen de apartheid in Zuid-Afrika. [445] Some have portrayed Mandela in messianic terms,[446] in contrast to his own statement that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances. "[183][184], In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland, before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. [222] The negotiations agreed that a multiracial general election would be held, resulting in a five-year coalition government of national unity and a constitutional assembly that gave the National Party continuing influence. [79], In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. [405][406], For political scientists Betty Glad and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an "exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader". Botha's National Party government had permitted Coloured and Indian citizens to vote for their own parliaments, which had control over education, health, and housing, but black Africans were excluded from the system; like Mandela, the UDF saw this as an attempt to divide the anti-apartheid movement on racial lines. [434] He could be stern and demanding of his children, although he was more affectionate with his grandchildren. "[294] Mandela hoped to resolve the long-running dispute between Libya and the US and Britain over bringing to trial the two Libyans, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging Pan Am Flight 103. [23] Aged 16, he, Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the ulwaluko circumcision ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name Dalibunga. [18], Mandela's mother took him to the "Great Place" palace at Mqhekezweni, where he was entrusted to the guardianship of the Thembu regent, Chief Jongintaba Dalindyebo. In the United States, he met President George H.W. We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know: We of Umkhonto have always sought to achieve liberation without bloodshed and civil clash. Bantustan and agree to reside there. [289] Inspired by the region's economic boom, Mandela sought greater economic relations with East Asia, in particular with Malaysia, although this was prevented by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. [482] Two authorised biographies were later produced by friends of Mandela. [162] In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. He was a founding member of the Elders, a group of international leaders established in 2007 for the promotion of conflict resolution and problem solving throughout the world. Throughout his incarceration, Mandela retained wide support among South Africa’s Black population, and his imprisonment became a cause célèbre among the international community that condemned apartheid. I was first and foremost an African nationalist fighting for our emancipation from minority rule and the right to control our own destiny. [160], From 1967 onwards, prison conditions improved; black prisoners were given trousers rather than shorts, games were permitted, and the standard of their food was raised. [124], The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved blacks, often dealing with cases of police brutality. [293] He also faced similar criticism from the West for his government's trade links to Syria, Cuba, and Libya,[294] and for his personal friendships with Castro and Gaddafi. Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), the military wing of the ANC. [199][200] Shortly thereafter, for the first time in 20 years, photographs of Mandela were allowed to be published in South Africa. Openly racialist, the party codified and expanded racial segregation with new apartheid legislation. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, daughter of Nkedama of the Right Hand House and a member of the amaMpemvu clan of the Xhosa. Wij doen het over Nelson Mandela. Mandela Day, observed on Mandela’s birthday, was created to honour his legacy by promoting community service around the world. [15] Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. [255] Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's white population that they were protected and represented in "the Rainbow Nation". Mandela went on trial that same year and eventually was acquitted in 1961. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. For other uses, see, First President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist. After his father’s death, young Nelson was raised by Jongintaba, the regent of the Tembu. [145], In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. [251] In late 1994, he attended the 49th conference of the ANC in Bloemfontein, at which a more militant national executive was elected, among them Winnie Mandela; although she expressed an interest in reconciling, Nelson initiated divorce proceedings in August 1995. He was laid to rest at Qunu, in South Africa’s Eastern Cape province, on December 15. African National Congress (ANC), a Black-liberation group, and became a leader of its Youth League. [369] Mandela was known to change his clothes several times a day, and he became so associated with highly coloured Batik shirts after assuming the presidency that they came to be known as "Madiba shirts". [32] He took up ballroom dancing,[33] performed in a drama society play about Abraham Lincoln,[34] and gave Bible classes in the local community as part of the Student Christian Association. Botha’s government in exploratory negotiations; he met with Botha’s successor, de Klerk, in December 1989. His inauguration took place in Pretoria on 10 May 1994, televised to a billion viewers globally. [328][329] Retaining an interest in the Lockerbie suspect, he visited Megrahi in Barlinnie prison and spoke out against the conditions of his treatment, referring to them as "psychological persecution". [297][298], Mandela echoed Mbeki's calls for an "African Renaissance", and was greatly concerned with issues on the continent. [208] In Cuba, he became friends with President Castro, whom he had long admired.